![]() In addition to Green Revolution, agriculture has also undergone a Biorevolution, involving agricultural biotechnology ( agritech), an area of agricultural science involving the use of scientific tools and genetic engineering techniques to modify living organisms (or part of organisms) of plants and animals with the potential of outstripping the productivity increases of the Green Revolution and, at the same time, reducing agricultural production costs. Since the 19th century, manipulation and management of biological organisms have been a key to the development of agriculture. License | CC BY SA 4.0 10.3.2 Biotechnology and Agriculture The New Zealand agricultural sector is unique in being the only developed country to be totally exposed to the international markets since the government subsidies were removed. For New Zealand to remain competitive, farmers have to intensify production of high added value or more customized products, also focusing on nontraditional exports such as kiwi, Asian pears, vegetables, flowers, and venison (meat produced on deer farms) ( Figure 10.24). More specifically, its agriculture has changed in response to the restructuring of the global food system and, at the same time, is responding to a new global food regime. New Zealand, for example, is a particular case of a country whose agriculture was thrown into a global free market. The white area around it (1) represents dairy and market gardening (2) (green) the forest for fuel (3) (yellow) field crops and grains 4) (red) Ranching and livestock and the outer (dark green) region represents the wilderness where agriculture is not practised. The effect of distance determines that highly perishable products (milk, fresh fruits, and vegetables) need to be produced near the market, whereas grain farming and livestock ranching can be located on the peripheral rings ( Figure 10.23). Using Von Thünen’s isolate state model, which generated four concentric rings of agricultural activity, geographers explain that the choice of crops on commercial farms is only worthwhile within certain distances from the city. Consequently, this type of farming responds to market forces rather than to feeding the farmer. Most farms are owned by individual families, but, in this context, many other aspects of agribusiness are controlled by large corporations. Although farming is just one stage of the complex economic process, it is incorporated into the world economic system of capitalism ( globalized). Similarly, the work under the Convention will also assist countries in reducing marine pollution from land-based activities, particularly nutrient pollution, which is a target under Sustainable Development Goal 14 on life below water.87 10.3 GLOBAL CHANGES IN FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 10.3.1 Commercial Agriculture and Market Forcesįarming is part of agribusiness as a complex political and economic system that organizes food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product. Assisting countries in abating nitrogen emissions and managing nitrogen more sustainably, which has direct impacts on soil quality and will help in promoting sustainable agriculture, the work under the Task Force will help countries in achieving targets under Sustainable Development Goal 2 on zero hunger. ![]() In addition, the Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen develops technical and scientific information and encourages coordination of air pollution policies on nitrogen in the context of the nitrogen cycle. The International Cooperative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of the Effects of Air Pollution on Rivers and Lakes assesses the degree and geographical extent of acidification of surface waters, which might end up in the oceans and affect habitat for fish. Air pollution, ecosystems and biodiversity.Protocol on Reduction of Sulphur Emissions. ![]()
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